Treatment of social anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorder using botulinum toxin

ABSTRACT

Methods are disclosed for treating social anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and/or panic disorder in a subject. The methods include administering a therapeutically effective amount of a neurotoxin to a corrugator supercilli and/or a procerus muscle of the subject to cause paralysis of the corrugator supercilli and/or a procerus muscle in the subject, thereby treating PTSD. The neurotoxin can be Botulinum toxin A, such as at a dose of about 20 to about 50 units of Botulinum toxin A.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/538,503,filed on Nov. 11, 2014, which in turn claims the benefit of U.S.provisional application 61/903,292, filed on Nov. 12, 2013. The priorapplications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

This disclosure relates to the field of psychiatric disorders and inparticular, to methods for treating social anxiety disorder, obsessivecompulsive disorder and panic disorder that utilize a neurotoxin such asbotulinum toxin A.

BACKGROUND

Anxiety disorders are a group of psychological conditions whose keyfeatures include excessive anxiety, fear, worry, avoidance, andcompulsive rituals, and produce or result in inordinate morbidity,overutilization of healthcare services, and functional impairment. Thesedisorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric conditions in theUnited States; women are more likely than men to experience anxietydisorders. Anxiety disorders listed in the Diagnostic and StatisticalManual of Mental Disorders (4^(th) Ed., The American PsychiatricAssociation, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 1994, pp. 393 to 444), includepanic disorder with and without agoraphobia, agoraphobia without historyof panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, obsessive-compulsivedisorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stressdisorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), anxiety disorder due to ageneral medical condition, substance-induced anxiety disorder, andspecific phobias.

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder whose essential feature is thepresence of recurrent panic attacks that are discrete periods of intensefear or discomfort. The attacks usually last minutes (or, rarely,hours), are unexpected and do not, as in simple phobia, tend to occurimmediately before or on exposure to a situation that almost alwayscauses anxiety. Panic attacks typically begin with the sudden onset ofintense apprehension or fear, and are accompanied by physical symptomssuch as shortness of breath, dizziness, faintness, choking,palpitations, trembling, sweating, shaking, nausea, numbness, hotflushes or chills, chest pain or the like. Panic disorder may beassociated with agoraphobia, in severe cases of which the personconcerned is virtually housebound.

In obsessive-compulsive disorder, the primary symptom is recurrentobsessions (i.e., recurrent and intrusive thoughts, images or urges thatcause marked anxiety) and/or compulsions (i.e., repetitive behaviors ormental acts that are performed to reduce the anxiety generated by one'sobsessions) of sufficient severity to cause distress, be time consumingor to interfere significantly with a person's normal routine orlifestyle. Anxiety is an associated feature of this disorder: anaffected person may, for example, show a phobic avoidance of situationsthat involve the cause of the obsession. Typical obsessions concerncontamination, doubting (including self-doubt) and disturbing sexual orreligious thoughts. Typical compulsions include washing, checking,ordering, and counting.

Social anxiety disorder is characterized by the persistent fear ofsocial or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur, suchas parties, meetings, eating in front of others, writing in front ofothers, public speaking, conversations, meeting new people, and otherrelated situations. Exposure to social or performance situationsprovokes an immediate anxiety response, as well as sweating, trembling,racing or pounding heartbeat, mental confusion, and a desire to flee.Social avoidance and isolation can also become extreme, especially inthe more generalized condition.

There is a need for new treatment agents to alleviate the symptoms ofsocial anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder or a panicdisorder, in order to allow subjects with these conditions to live moreproductive and enjoyable lives.

SUMMARY

Methods are disclosed for treating an anxiety disorder in a subject,such as social anxiety disorder, an obsessive compulsive disorder and/ora panic disorder. The methods include administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a neurotoxin to a corrugator supercilli and/or aprocerus muscle of the subject to cause paralysis of the corrugatorsupercilli and/or a procerus muscle, thereby treating the social anxietydisorder, the obsessive compulsive disorder or the panic disorder in thesubject.

In some embodiments, the methods include selecting a subject with ananxiety disorder, such as a social anxiety disorder, an obsessivecompulsive disorder and/or a panic disorder, and administering atherapeutically effective amount of Botulinum toxin A to a corrugatorsupercilli muscle and a procerus muscle of the subject, in order tocause paralysis of the corrugator supercilli muscle and procerus muscleand treat the social anxiety disorder, the obsessive compulsive disorderor the panic disorder in the subject. In some non-limiting examples, thesubject does not have an underlying muscular physical condition such astorticollis or blepharospasm that is treatable with Botulinum A toxin.In other examples the Botulinum toxin A is selectively administered onlyto the corrugator supercilli muscle or procerus muscle or selectivelyonly to both of these muscles. In further embodiments, the subject doesnot have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and/or depression and/ora mood disorder.

The foregoing and other features and advantages will become moreapparent from the following detailed description of several embodiments,which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a frontal view of the musculature ofthe human face and neck. Injection sites for a neurotoxin, such asBotulinum Toxin (BTX) including the procerus and the corrugatorsupercilli are shown.

FIGS. 2A-2B show Botulinum toxin dose used to treat the frown in atypical woman (FIG. 2A) and man (FIG. 2B). The landmarks for theinjection are as follows (see also Carruthers et al., Derm. Surg.24:1189-1194, 1998). The injection of the procerus is below a linejoining the medial end of both eyebrows. The landmark for the nextinjections is a line vertically above the inner canthus and the superiormargin of the orbit. Botulinum toxin is injected just superior to thefirst injection point. Next an injection is made 1 centimeter (cm)medial and one-half cm superior to the second two injections. Thenumbers refer to the number of BTX Units injected in the area shown.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Methods are disclosed herein for treating an anxiety disorder, such as asocial anxiety disorder, an obsessive compulsive disorder or a panicdisorder. The subject can have a disorder including or consisting of theanxiety disorder, such as the social anxiety disorder, the obsessivecompulsive disorder or the panic disorder.

The methods include administering a therapeutically effective amount ofa neurotoxin to the corrugator supercilli and/or the procerus muscle ofthe subject to cause paralysis, thereby treating the anxiety disorder,such as the social anxiety disorder, an obsessive compulsive disorder ora panic disorder in the subject.

Terms

Unless otherwise noted, technical terms are used according toconventional usage. Definitions of common terms in molecular biology maybe found in Benjamin Lewin, Genes V, published by Oxford UniversityPress, 1994 (ISBN 0-19-854287-9); Kendrew et al. (eds.), TheEncyclopedia of Molecular Biology, published by Blackwell Science Ltd.,1994 (ISBN 0-632-02182-9); and Robert A. Meyers (ed.), Molecular Biologyand Biotechnology: a Comprehensive Desk Reference, published by VCHPublishers, Inc., 1995 (ISBN 1-56081-569-8).

In order to facilitate review of the various embodiments of thisdisclosure, the following explanations of specific terms are provided:

Absent an underlying physical disorder: A phrase used to describe amuscular disorder (for example, torticollis) or cosmetic issue (forexample, wrinkles) that is already known to be reduced or prevented bytreatment with botulinum toxin that is not present in a subject. Forexample, the method includes selecting a subject that does not have amuscular disorder or condition, such as a subject that does not havespasms, cramping, tightness of muscles caused by medical problems, ortorticollis. A physical condition can be someone that has need and/orinterest in cosmetic application of Botulinum toxin, such as to decreasewrinkles. For example, the method includes selecting a subject that doesnot have an underlying cosmetic issue (such as wrinkles) and/or is notselected for treatment for this underlying cosmetic disorder.

Ameliorating or ameliorate: Any indicia of success in the treatment of apathology or condition, including any objective or subjective parametersuch as abatement, remission or diminishing of symptoms or animprovement in a patient's physical or mental well-being. Ameliorationof symptoms can be based on objective or subjective parameters;including the results of a physical examination and/or a psychiatricevaluation. For example, a clinical guide to monitor the effectiveamelioration of a psychiatric disorder, such as depression, is found inthe Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I mood disorders(“SCID-P”) (see fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ofMental Disorders (1994) Task Force on DSM-IV, American PsychiatricAssociation (“DSM-IV”); Kaplan, Ed. (1995); Comprehensive Textbook ofPsychiatry/VI, vol. 1, sixth ed., pp 621-627, Williams & Wilkins,Baltimore, Md.).

Administration: To provide or give a subject an agent by any effectiveroute. Exemplary routes of administration include, but are not limitedto, oral; injection, continuous or intermittent infusion (such assubcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intrathecal, epidural,intracranial, intraperitoneal, and intravenous); sublingual; rectal;transdermal; intranasal; vaginal; and inhalation routes.

Anti-Depressant Medications: A pharmaceutical agent that can beadministered as a treatment for depression but are also administered forother conditions such as anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsivedisorder, chronic pain, attention deficit disorder, substance abuse andsleep disorders. Anti-depressant medications include synthesizedchemical compounds as well as naturally occurring or herbal remediessuch as St. John's Wort. Generally, these medications are administeredorally, but they may also be administered in any form of use to amedical practitioner. Examples of antidepressant medications includetricyclic antidepressants, which generally affect the two chemicalneurotransmitters, norepinephrine and serotonin. Tricyclics includeimipramine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, and desipramine Monoamineoxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are also used as antidepressants. MAOIsapproved for the treatment of depression include phenelzine (Nardil),tranylcypromine (Parnate), and isocarboxazid (Marplan). Medications thatprimarily affect the neurotransmitter serotonin, termed selectiveserotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are also used as antidepressants.These include escitalopram HBr (Lexapro), fluoxetine (Prozac),sertraline (Zoloft), fluvoxamine (Luvox), paroxetine (Paxil), andcitalopram (Celexa). Additional medications of use affect bothnorepinephrine and serotonin (SNRIs), for example venlafaxine (Effexor)and nefazadone (Serzone), or atypical agents such as mirtazepine(Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), triazolopyridine (trazodone), andbupropion (Wellbutrin).

Anxiety disorder: Anxiety disorders include disorders that sharefeatures of excessive fear and anxiety related behavioral disturbances.Fear is the emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat,whereas anxiety is anticipation of future threat. These two statesoverlap but differ. Fear is more often associated with surges ofautonomic arousal necessary for fight or flight, thoughts of immediatedanger, and escape behaviors, while anxiety is more often associatedwith muscle tension and vigilance in preparation for future danger andcautious or avoidant behaviors. Sometimes the level of fear or anxietyis reduced by pervasive avoidance behaviors. Panic attacks featureprominently within the anxiety disorders as a particular type of fearresponse. Panic attacks are not limited to anxiety disorders but rathercan be seen in other mental disorders as well.

The anxiety disorders differ from one another in the types of objects orsituations that induce fear, anxiety, or avoidance behavior, and theassociated cognitive ideation. Thus, while the anxiety disorders tend tobe highly comorbid with each other, they can be differentiated by closeexamination of the types of situations that are feared or avoided andthe content of the associated thoughts or beliefs. Anxiety disordersinclude generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, panic disorder,agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder,separation anxiety, and situation anxiety.

Benzodiazepine: A group of psychoactive medications whose core chemicalstructure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, that areused for treating panic disorder, insomnia, and generalized anxietydisorder, amongst other indications. Benzodiazepines include, but arenot limited to, 2-keto compounds (such as chlordiazepoxide, clorazepae,diazepam, flurazepam, halazepam, and prazepam), 3-hydroxy compounds(such as lorazepam, lormetazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam), 7-nitrocompounds (such as clonazepam, flunitrazepam, nimetazepam, andnitrazepam), Triazolo compounds (such as adinazolam, alprazolam,estazolam, triazolam, and imidazo compounds (such as climazolam,loprazolam, and midazolam).

Beta Blocker: A beta-adrenergic antagonist that is a drug that targetsthe beta adrenergic receptor to block the action of endogenouscatecholamines.

Blood Brain Barrier: A separation of circulating blood from the brainextracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS). Itoccurs along all capillaries and is composed of tight junctions aroundthe capillaries that do not exist in the general circulation. Thisbarrier also includes a thick basement membrane and astrocytic endfeet.This barrier restricts the diffusion of microscopic objects (such asbacteria) and other molecules, such as toxins, large molecules, and/orhydrophilic molecules into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), while allowingthe diffusion of small hydrophobic molecules (O₂, CO₂, hormones). Cellsof the barrier actively transport metabolic products such as glucoseacross the barrier with specific proteins.

Depressive Disorder: A mood disorder characterized by a predominantlysad or depressed mood, typically but not always of two or more weeks'duration. A depressive disorder also has other signs or symptomsaccompanying a sad or depressed mood, including one or more of:decreased energy, appetite changes, weight gain or loss, insomnia orhypersomnia, recurrent thoughts or death, thoughts of suicide, loss ofinterest in usual activities, slowed thinking or cognitive speed,increased speech latency, decreased volume of speech, excessive orinappropriate guilt, diminished concentration, feeling sluggish, andslower than normal motor activity (such as gross motor, fine motor,speech). Depressive disorders can be accompanied by perceptualdisturbances. Depressive disorders can be caused by a medical disorder(e.g., endocrine disorders, lupus), medication side-effect (e.g.,interferon), substance use disorder, neurologic disorder (e.g., seizuredisorder, traumatic brain injury), or have no clear cause.

Botulinum toxin: A toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridiumbotulinum, but which may either be obtained from a natural source ormade by synthetic means. Seven immunologically distinct Botulinumneurotoxins have been characterized, these being respectively Botulinumneurotoxin serotypes A, B, C₁, D, E, F and G, each of which isdistinguished by neutralization with type-specific antibodies. Thedifferent serotypes of Botulinum toxin vary in the animal species thatthey affect and in the severity and duration of the paralysis theyevoke. For example, it has been determined that Botulinum toxin type Ais 500 times more potent, as measured by the rate of paralysis producedin the rat, than is Botulinum toxin type B. Additionally, Botulinumtoxin type B has been determined to be non-toxic in primates at a doseof 480 U/kg which is about 12 times the primate LD₅₀ for Botulinum toxintype A (Moyer et al., “Botulinum Toxin Type B: Experimental and ClinicalExperience,” in Therapy With Botulinum Toxin, Marcel Dekker, Inc.Jankovic et al. (eds.), pgs. 71-85, 1994).

Depression: A mental state of depressed mood characterized by feelingsof sadness, despair and discouragement. Depression includes feelings ofsadness considered to be normal (mild depression), dysthymia, and majordepression. Depression can resemble the grief and mourning that followsbereavement, and there are often feelings of low self esteem, guilt andself reproach, withdrawal from interpersonal contact and somaticsymptoms such as alterations in eating habits and sleep disturbances.

Frown: To furrow the brow to show unhappiness or displeasure. Thisaction uses the orbicularis oculi, the frontalis muscle and/or thecorrugator supercilli muscle. This action can also include the use ofthe procerus muscle.

Hallucination: Altered, misperceived, or incorrect sensory experiences.See “perceptual disturbances” below for additional information.

Mood: A person's subjective report on their emotional perspective onself, situation, future, or past. While mood can fluctuate from statessuch as “happy,” “sad,” “angry,” or “pleased” within a day, a prolongedstate of sad or depressed mood is a defining characteristic of adepressive illness.

Mood disorder: A medical, neurologic, or psychiatric disorder with theprimary sign or symptom as an alteration in mood. Mood disorders areusually classified as depressive (e.g., principal mood symptom is asustained sad or depressed mood) or manic (e.g., principal mood symptomis a sustained expansive, elevated, or irritable mood). Symptoms orsigns beyond the mood state proper may be required to diagnose a mooddisorder.

Nightmare: A frightening dream that causes the interruption of sleep.Repeated instances of nightmares can lead to a specific sleep disorderdiagnosis of Nightmare Disorder. Nightmares are also commonly observedas a symptom in PTSD and other anxiety conditions.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A pervasive pattern of preoccupation withorderliness, perfectionism, and mental interpersonal control, at theexpense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, beginning by earlyadulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (ormore) of the following:

1. Is preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization, orschedules to the extent that the major point of the activity is lost.

2. Shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion.

3. Is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion ofleisure activities and friendships (not accounted for by obviouseconomic necessity).

4. Is overconscientious, scrupulous, and inflexible about matters ofmorality, ethics or values.

5. Is unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when theyhave no sentimental value.

6. Is reluctant to delegate tasks or to work with others unless theysubmit to exactly his or her way of doing things

7. Adopts a miserly spending style towards both self and others; moneyis viewed as something to be hoarded for future catastrophes.

8. Shows rigidity and stubbornness.

Thus, obsessive compulsive disorder can be characterized by at least 4,5, 6, 7 or all 8 of these characteristics.

Panic Attack: An abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort,that can occur from a calm state or an anxious state, that reaches apeak within minutes, and during which four (or more) of the followingsymptoms occur:

1. Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate.

2. Sweating.

3. Trembling or shaking.

4. Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering.

5. Feelings of choking.

6. Chest pain or discomfort.

7. Nausea or abdominal distress.

8. Feeling dizzy, unsteady, light-headed, or faint.

9. Chills or heat sensations.

10. Paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations).

11. Derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (beingdetached from one-self).

12. Fear of losing control or “going crazy.”

13. Fear of dying.

Thus, at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 of these symptoms canoccur during a panic attack.

Panic Disorder: Recurrent unexpected panic attacks (see Criterion A,below). A panic attack is an abrupt surge of intense fear or intensediscomfort that reaches a peak within minutes, and during which timefour or more of a list of 13 physical and cognitive symptoms occur. Theterm recurrent means more than one unexpected panic attack. The termunexpected refers to a panic attack for which there is no obvious cue ortrigger at the time of occurrence so that the attack appears to occurwithout warning, such as when the individual is relaxing or emergingfrom sleep (nocturnal panic attack). In contrast, expected panic attacksare attacks for which there is an obvious cue or trigger, such as asituation in which panic attacks typically occur. The determination ofwhether panic attacks are expected or unexpected is made by theclinician. Approximately one-half of individuals with panic disorderhave expected panic attacks as well as unexpected panic attacks, so thatthe presence of expected panic attacks does not rule out the diagnosisof panic disorder. The frequency and severity of panic attacks varywidely. In terms of frequency, there may be moderately frequent attacks(such as one per week or per ten days) for months at a time, or shortbursts of more frequent attacks (such as daily or twice daily) separatedby weeks or months without any attacks or with less frequent attacks(such as two per month) over many years. In terms of severity,individuals with panic disorder may have both full-symptom (four or moresymptoms) and limited-symptom (fewer than four symptoms) attacks, andthe number and type of panic attack symptoms frequently differ from onepanic attack to the next. However, more than one unexpected full-symptompanic attack is required for the diagnosis of panic disorder.

The worries about panic attacks or their consequences usually pertain tophysical concerns, such as worry that panic attacks reflect the presenceof life-threatening illnesses (e.g., cardiac disease, seizure disorder);social concerns, such as embarrassment or fear of being judgednegatively by others because of visible panic symptoms; and concernsabout mental functioning, such as “going crazy” or losing control(Criterion B, see below). A panic disorder is characterized by thefollowing features:

A. Recurrent unexpected panic attacks.

B. At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month (or more) ofone or both of the following:

-   -   1. Persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks or        their consequences; and    -   2. A significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the        attacks (such as, but not limited to, behaviors designed to        avoid having the panic attacks).

C. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of asubstance (for example, a drug of abuse, a medication) or anothermedical condition (such as, but not limited to, hyperthyroidism orcardiopulmonary disorders).

D. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder,such as a social anxiety disorder; a specific phobia;obsessive-compulsive disorder; posttraumatic stress disorder; orseparation anxiety disorder.

Perceptual disturbance: An altered perception or conscious experience ofsensory information. A common perceptual disturbance is a hallucination(incorrect perception of auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, orgustatory sense information). Another common perceptual disturbance is aflashback (the sensory experience of being in a different place and/ortime, often in response to a sensory trigger (e.g., after hearing a carbackfire, a combat veteran has a momentary sensation of being back atwar)). Altered reality testing is sometimes used to describe a personexperiencing perceptual disturbances because the person is notaccurately perceiving sensory stimuli.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A disorder that can occur afterexperiencing a traumatic event that leaves a subject feeling scared,confused, and/or angry to the extent that daily activities are difficultto perform. A traumatic event can include combat or military exposure,child sexual or physical abuse, terrorist attacks, sexual or physicalassault, serious accidents, and natural disasters (such as a fire,tornado, hurricane, flood, or earthquake). PTSD is defined by theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), Fourth-Edition, Text Revision,published by the American Psychiatric Associating (DSM-IV-TR), and theDSM-V.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers: The pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers useful in this invention are conventional. Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, by E. W. Martin, Mack Publishing Co., Easton,Pa., 15th Edition (1975), describes compositions and formulationssuitable for pharmaceutical delivery of the fusion proteins hereindisclosed.

In general, the nature of the carrier will depend on the particular modeof administration being employed. In addition to biologically-neutralcarriers, pharmaceutical compositions to be administered can containminor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances, such as wetting oremulsifying agents, preservatives, and pH buffering agents and the like,for example, sodium acetate or sorbitan monolaurate.

Psychiatric disorder: Any disorder that results in altered or abnormalbehavior, function, or subjective distress in one or more of thefollowing intrapersonal or interpersonal realms: mood, anxiety, memory,cognition, consciousness, perception, sexual experience, sleep,substance use/addiction, personality, attention/concentration,psychosis, identity, eating, or bodily function or integrity. Apsychiatric disorder typically causes the patient or others around thepatient noticing social, interpersonal, and/or occupational distress ordysfunction. The cause (etiology) of a psychiatric disorder may beidiopathic (unknown), or it may be due to a recognized psychosocialstressor, a medical disorder, or a neurological disorder.

Psychotic: A psychiatric condition in its broadest sense, as defined inthe DSM-IV (Kaplan, ed. (1995) supra). Different disorders which have apsychotic component comprise different aspects of this definition of“psychotic.” For example, in schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffectivedisorder and brief psychotic disorder, the term “psychotic” refers todelusions, any prominent hallucinations, disorganized speech, ordisorganized or catatonic behavior. In psychotic disorder due to ageneral medical condition and in substance-induced psychotic disorder,“psychotic” refers to delusions or only those hallucinations that arenot accompanied by insight. Finally, in delusional disorder and sharedpsychotic disorder, “psychotic” is equivalent to “delusional” (seeDSM-IV, supra, page 273).

Objective tests can be used to determine whether an individual ispsychotic and to measure and assess the success of a particulartreatment schedule or regimen. For example, measuring changes incognitive ability aids in the diagnosis and treatment assessment of thepsychotic patient. Any test known in the art can be used, such as theso-called “Wallach Test,” which assesses recognition memory (see below,Wallach, J. Gerontol. 35:371-375, 1980). Another example of an objectivetext that can be used to determine whether an individual is psychoticand to measure efficacy of an anti-psychotic treatment is the StroopColor and Word Test (“Stroop Test”) (see Golden, C. J., Cat. No. 30150M,in A Manual for Clinical and Experimental Uses, Stoelting, Wood Dale,Ill.). The Stroop Test is an objective neuropsychiatric test that candifferentiate between individuals with psychosis and those without.

Psychosis: A psychiatric symptom, condition or syndrome in its broadestsense, as defined in the DSM-IV (Kaplan, ed. (1995) supra), comprising a“psychotic” component, as broadly defined above. Psychosis is typicallydefined as a mental disorder or condition causing gross distortion ordisorganization of a person's mental capacity, affective response, andcapacity to recognize reality, communicate, and relate to others to thedegree of interfering with his capacity to cope with the ordinarydemands of everyday life.

Psychotic major depression: A condition also referred to as psychoticdepression (Schatzberg, Am. J. Psychiatry 149:733-745, 1992), “psychotic(delusional) depression,” “delusional depression,” and “major depressionwith psychotic features” (see the DSM-III-R). This condition is adistinct psychiatric disorder that includes both depressive andpsychotic features. Individuals manifesting both depression andpsychosis, i.e. psychotic depression, are often referred to as“psychotic depressives.”

Seizure Disorder: A “paroxysmal event due to abnormal, excessive,hypersynchronous discharges from an aggregate of central nervous system(CNS) neurons” that may or may not result in observable changes inbehavior (Chapter 363 of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine(Fauci A S, Kasper D L, et al. (editors), 17^(th) Edition, 2008). Aseizure is a single event while epilepsy or seizure disorder is amedical diagnosis to describe a condition characterized by repeatedseizures. Various types of seizures include simple partial, complexpartial, partial with secondary generalization, absence, atypicalabsence, generalized tonic-clonic, atonic, myoclonic, or unclassified.Brain injury as defined above is a recognized cause of seizures.Seizures can be associated with various additional clinical problems:cognitive changes, mood or anxiety changes, interictal behavior changes,sudden death, psychosocial impairments, occupational problems, orpsychosis.

Scowl: A facial expression showing displeasure. Scowling primarilyutilizes the corrugator supercilli muscle and the procerus muscle.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI): A type of antidepressantmedication that is prescribed for the treatment of various psychiatricconditions, including, but not limited to, a depressive disorder or ananxiety disorder. Commonly prescribed SSRIs include fluoxetine,paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram, escitalopram, and fluvoxamine. Othernon-limiting examples of SSRI include prodrug or pharmacologicallyactive metabolite of these SSRI medications.

Sertraline: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is prescribedto treat one or more of the following indications: major depression or adepressive disorder, OCD, PTSD, panic disorder, social phobia, PMDD, oran anxiety disorder.

Sign: An observation, result, finding, or outcome on a medical test orexamination that may indicate the presence of an associated medical,neurologic, or psychiatric condition. Non-limiting examples includeobserved behavior reported by a non-medical observer (e.g., familymember, friend, law enforcement officer, clergy, fellow member of amilitary unit); observed behaviors during clinical evaluation such asanxiety noted on mental status examination; psychological orneuropsychological test results; laboratory value from blood, urine,cerebrospinal fluid; radiologic examinations such as x-rays, CT or MRscans; physical examination results such as impaired coordination ordisconjugate eye movements on neurological examination, or elevatedblood pressure on physical examination; or oculomotor function onvestibulo-oculomotor examination.

Sleep disorder: A disorder of sleep that includes, but is not limitedto, insomnia, disorders of daytime somnolence, parasomnias,chronobiological disorders, and sleep consequences of neurologicaldisorders. Non-limiting examples of sleep disorders include rapid eyemovement behavior disorder, restless legs syndrome, periodic legmovements of sleep, obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea,nightmares, sleep terrors, sleepwalking, confusional arousals, sleepparalysis, sleep eating disorder, or narcolepsy (See, for example, CGGoetz (editor), Textbook of Clinical Neurology, 3^(rd) Edition, 2007,Chapter 54)

Sleep disturbance: An observed or reported alteration in the initiation,maintenance, or quality of sleep that may be a symptom or sign of amedical, neurological, or psychiatric disorder. A sleep disturbance alsomay be a symptom or sign of a sleep disorder.

Sleep Terrors: An awakening from sleep characterized by intense anxietyupon awakening. Sleep terrors can be differentiated from nightmaresbecause there is significantly less recall of frightening dream contentin sleep terrors. Sleep terrors may be present as a sign or symptom ofanother psychiatric disorder. Sleep terrors can be difficult todistinguish from nocturnal panic attacks.

Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): According to the Diagnostic andStatistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5^(th) Ed., American PsychiatricAssociation, Arlington, Va., 2013), a social anxiety disorder ischaracterized by:

-   -   A. Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in        which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others.        Examples include social interactions (e.g., having a        conversation, meeting unfamiliar people), being observed (such        as eating or drinking), and performing in front of others (such        as giving a speech). In children, the anxiety must occur in peer        settings and not just during interactions with adults.    -   B. The individual fears that he or she will act in a way or show        anxiety symptoms that will be negatively evaluated (i.e., will        be humiliating or embarrassing; will lead to rejection or offend        others).    -   C. The social situations almost always provoke fear or anxiety.        In children, the fear or anxiety may be expressed by crying,        tantrums, freezing, clinging, shrinking, or failing to speak in        social situations.    -   D. The social situations are avoided or endured with intense        fear or anxiety.    -   E. The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual threat        posed by the social situation and to the sociocultural context.    -   F. The fear, anxiety or avoidance is persistent, typically        lasting for six months or more.    -   G. The fear, anxiety or avoidance causes clinically significant        distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other        important areas of functioning.    -   H. The fear, anxiety or avoidance is not attributable to the        physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a        medication) or another medical condition.    -   I. The fear, anxiety or avoidance is not better explained by the        symptoms of another mental disorder, such as panic disorder,        body dysmorphic disorder, or autism spectrum disorder.    -   J. If another medical condition (e.g., Parkinson's disease,        obesity, disfigurement from burns or injury) is present, the        fear, anxiety, or avoidance is clearly unrelated or is        excessive.

Subject: Any mammal. In one embodiment, a subject is a human subject.

Symptom: A problem, complaint, or issue reported by a subject that isprimarily a subjective complaint. Pain, fatigue, or changes in mood arecommonly reported symptoms. Symptoms are distinguished from signs inthat signs typically can be confirmed with objective evidence such asobservation, tests or examinations, whereas symptoms rely upon thesubject's self-report.

Therapeutically effective amount: A quantity of treatment, such as drug,for example a neurotoxin such as Botulinum toxin A, sufficient toachieve a desired effect in a subject being treated. For instance, thiscan be the amount of Botulinum toxin A necessary to impair contractionof, or paralyze, a facial muscle. This can also be the amount of atherapy, such as light therapy or psychotherapy, sufficient to relieve asymptom of a disorder, such as depression. This can also be the amountof an antidepressant sufficient to alter the mood of a subject.

Unit equivalents: An amount of Botulinum Toxin (BTX) that is equivalentto standard Units of Botulinum Toxin A (BTX-A). A standard Unit of BTX-Ais defined as the mean LD₅₀ for female Swiss Webster mice weighing 18-20grams (Schantz and Kaultner, J. Assoc. Anal. Chem. 61: 96-99, 1978). Theestimated human LD₅₀ for a 70-kg person is 40 Units/kg or about2500-3000 Units.

BOTOX™ (Botulinum toxin A, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, Calif., U.S.A.) issold in 100 Unit vials. DYSPORT™ (Speywood Pharmaceuticals, Ltd.,Maidenhead, U.K.) is sold in 300 or 500 Unit vials. For cosmetic uses,the vial contents are typically diluted with 1 or 2 ml of sterile salinesolution, which for BOTOX™ provides a 100 or 50 Unit/ml dilution.DYSPORT™ BTX-A is roughly three fold less toxic than BOTOX™ andapproximately three-fold greater amounts of the DYSPORT™ product willusually be injected to achieve the same result as would be obtainedusing a specific number of Units of BOTOX™.

Unless otherwise explained, all technical and scientific terms usedherein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinaryskill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. The singular terms“a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless context clearlyindicates otherwise. Similarly, the word “or” is intended to include“and” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It is further tobe understood that all base sizes or amino acid sizes, and all molecularweight or molecular mass values, given for nucleic acids or polypeptidesare approximate, and are provided for description. Although methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of this disclosure, suitable methods andmaterials are described below. The term “comprises” means “includes.”All publications, patent applications, patents, and other referencesmentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Incase of conflict, the present specification, including explanations ofterms, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examplesare illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

Botulinum Toxin

Botulinum toxin (BTX), produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinumreversibly paralyzes striated muscle when administered in sub-lethaldoses. BTX has been used in the treatment in a number of neuromusculardisorders and conditions involving muscular spasm including, but notlimited to, dystonia, hemifacial spasm, tremor, spasticity (e.g.resulting from multiple sclerosis), anal fissures and variousophthalmologic conditions (for example, see Carruthers et al., J. Amer.Acad. Derm. 34:788-797, 1996). A Botulinum toxin type A complex has beenapproved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment ofblepharospasm, strabismus and hemifacial spasm.

BTX is a generic term covering a family of toxins produced by C.botulinum comprising up to eight serologically distinct forms (A, B, C₁,C₂, D, E, F and G). These toxins are among the most powerfulneuroparalytic agents known (c.f. Melling et al., Eye 2:16-23, 1988).Serotypes A, B and F are the most potent. Without being bound by theory,the mode of action is believed to be an inhibition of the release ofacetylcholine by the presynaptic nerve.

Botulinum toxin type A can be obtained by establishing and growingcultures of Clostridium botulinum in a fermenter and then harvesting andpurifying the fermented mixture in accordance with known procedures.Alternatively, the Botulinum toxin serotypes are initially synthesizedas inactive single chain proteins which must be cleaved or nicked byproteases to become neuroactive. High quality crystalline Botulinumtoxin type A can be produced from the Hall A strain of Clostridiumbotulinum. The Schantz process can be used to obtain crystallineBotulinum toxin type A (see Schantz et al., Microbiol Rev. 56:80-99,1992). Generally, the Botulinum toxin type A complex can be isolated andpurified from an anaerobic fermentation by cultivating Clostridiumbotulinum type A in a suitable medium. This process can be used, uponseparation out of the non-toxin proteins, to obtain pure Botulinumtoxins, such as for example: purified Botulinum toxin type A with anapproximately 150 kD molecular weight, purified Botulinum toxin type Bwith an approximately 156 kD molecular weight and purified Botulinumtoxin type F with an approximately 155 kD molecular weight.

Botulinum toxins and/or Botulinum toxin complexes can be obtained fromList Biological Laboratories, Inc., Campbell, Calif.; the Centre forApplied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, U.K.; Wako, Osaka,Japan; Metabiologics, Madison, Wis.) as well as from Sigma Chemicals, StLouis, Mo. There are several formulations that have been approved by theU.S. Food and Drug administration, and any of these can be used in anyof the methods disclosed herein. These include BOTOX®, DYSPORT®,XEOMIN®, and MYOBLOC®.

The initial cosmetic use of BTX was for treatment of forehead frownlines as reported in Carruthers and Carruthers, J. Dermatol. Surg.Oncol. 18:17-21, 1992. The clinical effects of peripheral intramuscularBotulinum toxin type A are usually seen within one week of injection.The typical duration of symptomatic relief from a single intramuscularinjection of Botulinum toxin type A averages about three months. BTX-Aserotype is available commercially for pharmaceutical use under thetrademarks BOTOX™ (Allergan, Inc., Irvine, Calif., U.S.A.) and DYSPORT™(Speywood Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Maidenhead, U. K.). BOTOX™ consists ofa purified Botulinum toxin type A complex, albumin and sodium chloridepackaged in sterile, vacuum-dried form. Specifically, each vial ofBOTOX™ contains about 100 Units (U) of Clostridium botulinum toxin typeA purified neurotoxin complex, 0.5 milligrams of human serum albumin and0.9 milligrams of sodium chloride in a sterile, vacuum-dried formwithout a preservative.

The Botulinum toxin type A is made from a culture of the Hall strain ofClostridium botulinum grown in a medium containing N-Z amine and yeastextract. The Botulinum toxin type A complex is purified from the culturesolution by a series of acid precipitations to a crystalline complexconsisting of the active high molecular weight toxin protein and anassociated hemagglutinin protein. The crystalline complex isre-dissolved in a solution containing saline and albumin and sterilefiltered (0.2 microns) prior to vacuum-drying. The vacuum-dried productis stored in a freezer at or below −5° C.

BOTOX™ is sold in 100 Unit vials. DYSPORT™ is sold in 300 or 500 Unitvials. BTX-A is roughly three-fold less toxic than BOTOX™ andapproximately three-fold greater amounts of the DYSPORT™ product willusually be injected to achieve the same result as would be obtainedusing a specific number of Units of BOTOX™.

For cosmetic uses, the vial contents are typically diluted with 1 or 2ml of sterile saline solution, which for BOTOX™ provides a 100 or 50Unit/ml dilution. (DYSPORT™ can also be utilized.) For example, BOTOX™can be reconstituted with sterile, non-preserved saline prior tointramuscular injection. To reconstitute vacuum-dried BOTOX™, sterilenormal saline without a preservative (0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection) isused by drawing up the proper amount of diluent in the appropriate sizesyringe. Since BOTOX™ may be denatured by bubbling or similar violentagitation, the diluent is gently injected into the vial. For sterilityreasons BOTOX™ is preferably administered within four hours after thevial is removed from the freezer and reconstituted. During these fourhours, reconstituted BOTOX™ can be stored in a refrigerator at about 2°C. to about 8° C. Reconstituted, refrigerated BOTOX™ has been reportedto retain its potency for at least about two weeks (see Neurology,48:249-53: 1997).

Methods for Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder, Obsessive CompulsiveDisorder and Panic Disorder

Methods are provided herein for treating a social anxiety disorder, anobsessive compulsive disorder and/or a panic disorder in a subject. Themethods include administering a therapeutically effective amount of aneurotoxin to a facial muscle involved in frowning, scowling, or a sadappearance. The agent causes partial or complete paralysis of the facialmuscle, thereby affecting the ability of the subject to frown andthereby treat the social anxiety disorder, the obsessive compulsivedisorder or the panic disorder.

The injection sites for treatment include the procerus muscle and/or thecorrugator supercilli muscle. In some embodiments a therapeuticallyeffective amount of BTX, such as BTX A, is administered to the procerusmuscle and the corrugator supercilli muscle. In some embodiments, BTX isnot injected into the orbicularis oculi, frontalis, and/or the depressoranguli oris muscles (triangularis muscle). In other embodiments, BTX isinjected into the depressor anguli oris muscles (triangularis muscle).In yet other embodiments, the BTX does not cross the blood brainbarrier.

The method involves identifying or selecting a subject who has thesocial anxiety disorder, the obsessive compulsive disorder and/or thepanic disorder and administering the treatment to this subject. Thesubject can be female or male.

Anxiety disorders differ from developmentally normative fear or anxietyby being excessive or persisting beyond developmentally appropriateperiods. They differ from transient fear or anxiety, often stressinduced, by being persistent (e.g., typically lasting 6 months or more),although the criterion for duration is intended as a general guide withallowance for some degree of flexibility and is sometimes of shorterduration in children (as in separation anxiety disorder and selectivemutism). Since individuals with anxiety disorders typically overestimatethe danger in situations they fear or avoid, the primary determinationof whether the fear or anxiety is excessive or out of proportion is madeby the diagnostic clinician, taking cultural contextual factors intoaccount. Many of the anxiety disorders develop in childhood and tend topersist if not treated. Most occur more frequently in females than inmales (approximately 2:1 ratio). Each anxiety disorder is diagnosed onlywhen the symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of asubstance/medication or to another medical condition.

A subject can be selected that has the social anxiety disorder, theobsessive compulsive disorder or the panic disorder as defined by theDSM-5 criteria. A subject can also be selected that has the socialanxiety disorder, the obsessive compulsive disorder or the panicdisorder as defined by the DSM-IV-TR criteria.

Generally, a subject is selected that has been diagnosed with the socialanxiety disorder, the obsessive compulsive disorder or the panicdisorder. In some embodiments, the subject does not have an underlyingphysical condition that is being treated by BTX, such as amusculoskeletal condition, such as torticollis, blepharospasm, or otherdisorder of muscular contractions. In other embodiments, the subjectdoes not have a muscular disorder or condition. In some examples, thesubject does not have spasms, cramping, and/or tightness of musclescause by musculoskeletal conditions/disease. In yet other embodiments,the subject does not have torticollis or blepharospasm. In additionalembodiments, the subject has (or does not have) wrinkles, and is notbeing treated using Botulinum toxin for any cosmetic purposes, includingthe treatment of wrinkles. In some embodiments, the subject has acomorbid condition. In further embodiments, the subject does not haveanother psychiatric disorder.

In additional embodiments, the subject does not have an anxiety disorderother than the social anxiety disorder, the obsessive compulsivedisorder or the panic disorder, such as post-traumatic stress disorderor a generalized anxiety disorder. In further embodiments, the subjectdoes not have depression, such as major depression or a mood disorder.Thus, in some embodiments, the social anxiety disorder, the obsessivecompulsive disorder and/or the panic disorder is/are the solepsychological disorder; the subject does not have, for exampleschizophrenia, depression, other anxiety disorders, and/orpost-traumatic stress disorder. In some embodiments, the subject doesnot have a psychotic disorder. In additional embodiments, the subjectdoes not have a sleep disorder, sleep terrors or a sleep disturbance. Infurther examples, the subject does not have posttraumatic stressdisorder.

In additional embodiments, the methods disclosed herein are utilizedconcurrently with cognitive behavioral therapy and/or psychotherapyand/or electroconvulsive therapy. In particular examples, the behavioraltherapy and/or psychotherapy is for treatment of a social anxietydisorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, or panic disorder. Inadditional embodiments, BTX, such as BTX A, is administered inconjunction with other agents.

In some embodiments, for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder,a therapeutically effective amount of another agent can be administeredto the subject. The agent can be a therapeutically effective amount of aselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) such as, but not limitedto, paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine, escitalopram and fluvoxamine, atricyclic antidepressant, such as clomipramine. In additionalembodiments, the subject is administered a benzodiazepine. In yet otherembodiments, the subject is administered an atypical antipsychotic, suchas olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone.

In additional embodiments, for the treatment of a panic disorder thesubject is administered a therapeutically effective amount of anantidepressant, such as an SSRI, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), atricyclic antidepressant or a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Thesubject can be administered an anti-anxiety drug, such as abenzodiazepine. Benzodiazepines include 2-keto compounds (such aschlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, diazepam, flurazepam, alprazolam,halazepam, and prazepam), 3-hydroxy compounds (such as lorazepam,lormetazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam), 7-nitro compounds (such asclonazepam, flunitrazepam, nimetazepam, and nitrazepam), Triazolocompounds (such as adinazolam, alprazolam, estazolam, triazolam, andimidazo compounds (such as climazolam, loprazolam, and midazolam).

In yet other embodiments, for the treatment of a social anxietydisorder, the subject is administered a therapeutically effective amountof an antidepressant, such as an SSRI or a MAOI. In further embodiments,the subject is administered a therapeutically effective amount of abenzodiazepine. In additional embodiments, the subject is administered atherapeutically effective amount of a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptakeinhibitors (SNRIs), such as venlafaxine, milnacipran, or mirtazapinebupropion. In yet other embodiments, the subject is administered atherapeutically effective amount of a beta-blocker, such as propranalol.

In other embodiments, the subject is administered additional medication,including, but not limited to SSRIs, such as citalopram, escitalopram,fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline, and/or MAOIs. Infurther embodiments, Botulinum toxin is administered in conjunction withan alpha-adrenergic antagonist, such as clonidine, an anti-convulsant ormood stabilizers (for example, carbamazepine (TERGRETOL®), Topiramate(TOPAMAX®), Zolpidem (AMBIEN®)), Lamotrigine (LAMICTAL®), Valproic acid(DEPAKENE®), lithium carbonate, buspirone (BUSPAR®), and alphaadrenergic blockers such as Prazosin (MINIPRESS®). In additionalembodiments, Botulinum toxin is administered with an antipsycholicagent, such as risperidone, or an atypical antidepressant, a betablocker (such as propanolol), a benzodiazepine, a glucocorticoid (suchas cortiosterone), a heterocyclic antidepressant, such as amitriptyline,or imipramine, or a MAOI, such as phenelzine.

The BTX, such as BTX A, can be administered simultaneously orsequentially with the additional modality of treatment. In oneembodiment, a therapeutically effective amount of BTX, such as BTX A, isadministered in combination with at least one additional modality oftreatment. Useful modalities are listed above. The modality of treatmentcan also be physical, such as electroconvulsive therapy or lighttherapy. The modality can also be psychotherapy, exercise or meditation.A single modality of treatment can be combined with the BTX treatment,or a combination of additional modalities can be used with the BTXtreatment.

Thus, in one example, a subject taking a therapeutically effectiveamount of an antidepressant medication (such as an SSRI) for thecondition being treated, or undergoing a therapeutic protocol, can betreated with BTX, such as BTX A, during the course of the additionaltreatment. The subject can be administered an additional therapeuticagent, such as a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of aSSRI, an alpha adrenergic antagonist, an anti-convulsant, a moodstabilizer, an anti-psychotic agent, a beta blocker, a benzodiazepine, aglucocorticoid, a monamine-oxidase inhibitor (MAOIs), a heterocyclicanti-depressant, a tricyclic anti-depressant and/or an atypicalanti-depressant.

BTX, such as BTX A, can be administered after the treatment with theadditional agent has been terminated, or prior to the initiation oftherapy, such as the administration of the antidepressant medication,psychotherapy, or a physical treatment protocol. Thus, the treatment canbe simultaneous. In other embodiments, BTX is administered in theabsence of treatment with these agents.

Without being bound by theory, decreased movement of muscles that areinvolved in the neural circuit for social anxiety disorder, theobsessive compulsive disorder or the panic disorder lessen the symptomsof the disorder. Denervation of the frown muscles results in a decreasedability of the treated subject to frown, and thus inhibits fear, angerand sadness, contributing to a subjective sense of less anxiety and/orpreventing triggering of the memory. Improvement can be objectivelyassessed by the DSM-IV or DMSV-5 criteria, or by standardized testsknown in the art. As noted above, the social anxiety disorder, theobsessive compulsive disorder or the panic disorder can be assessed. Avery straightforward test is to ask the subject to report whether theintensity of the symptoms are altered by treatment with BTX, such as BTXA.

For example the present methods can result in a decrease in panicattacks, either in intensity or frequency, a decrease in the behaviorassociated with social anxiety disorder, or a decrease in one or morebehaviors associated with an obsessive compulsive disorder.

The treatment can be repeated when the partial or complete muscleparalysis induced by the agent begins to abate. Alternatively, one canalso wait for any signs or symptoms of the social anxiety disorder, theobsessive compulsive disorder or the panic disorder to also recur afterthe muscular activity returns.

An exemplary injection technique involves the use of a short, narrowneedle (e.g. ½ inch or 8 mm; 30-gauge) with an insulin- ortuberculin-type syringe. Subjects are typically treated in the seatedposition. The skin area is cleaned with an alcohol swab. A singlesyringe may be used for multiple injections to treat different locationsin a single muscle or more than one muscle. Typically, the plunger ofthe syringe is depressed as the needle is withdrawn so that toxin isevenly distributed at the injection site. Pressure or gentle massage maybe applied at the injection site to assist in dissipating the toxin. Thetoxin will typically migrate approximately 1 cm from the site ofinjection. Without being bound by theory, the toxin (such as BTX A) doesnot cross the blood brain barrier.

Electromyographic (EMG) guided needles may be used for injection todetermine needle location of a high degree of accuracy, although thistechnique is generally not necessary.

For applications of BTX, such as BTX A, total dose per treatment can bevaried and depends upon the condition being treated and the site ofapplication of BTX. For example, a total dose of about 10 to about 60Unit equivalents, such as about 20 to about 50 Unit equivalents, about30 to about 60 Unit equivalents, about 29 to about 40 Unit equivalents,or about 20 to about 40 Unit equivalents. The BTX, such as BTX A, willtypically be applied to corrugator supercilli and the procerus muscle(see, Carruthers and Carruthers, Dermatol. Surg. 24:1168-1170, 1998 fordosing information). In any of these dosages, the administration can berepeated. In some embodiments, BTX, such as BTX A, is not administeredto the orbicularis oculi, frontalis, and/or the depressor anguli orismuscles (triangularis muscle). In one specific non-limiting example,about 20 to about 50 Unit equivalents of BTX A is administered only tothe corrugator supercilli and/or the procerus muscle or both. In onenon-limiting example, a total of about 29 units of BTX A is administeredto the corrugator supercilli and the procerus muscle.

In further embodiments, a total dose of about 30 to about 60 Unitequivalent of BTX are administered to the corrugator supercilli,procerus muscle and the depressor angularis oris muscle.

In some non-limiting examples, a total of about 28 to about 58 Unitequivalents of BTX are administered to the corrugator supercilli,procerus muscle, and depressor angularis oris muscles, wherein about 4Unit equivalents are administered to the left depressor angularis orismuscle and to the right depressor angularis oris muscle.

Onset of muscle paralysis following injection usually occurs within daysof treatment, although it can take up to ten days for full paralysis tooccur. In some embodiments, it can take one or two days for relief ofsymptoms, but it may take longer, such as a week or two weeks forimprovement. The duration of paralysis will vary from patient topatient. Typically, duration will be from two to eight months, forexample about three to about six months, or for example about threemonths, before subsequent treatment is required to alleviate thecondition, although BTX can have an efficacy for up to 12 months(Naumann et al., European J. Neurology 6 (Supp 4):S111-S115, 1999).

Administration of the BTX can be repeated. In some embodiments, the BTXcan be repeated at about two to about six month intervals, such as atabout two, three, four, five, six, seven or eight month intervals. Inother embodiments, administration is provided over a period of about sixmonths, or for about one, about two, about three, about four or aboutfive years. Thus, in some non-limiting examples, BTX is administeredevery two to eight months for a period of one, two, three, four or fiveyears.

Thus, in one specific, non-limiting example, to treat the social anxietydisorder, the obsessive compulsive disorder or the panic disorder, thecorrugator supercilli and/or the procerus muscle is treated repeatedly.For example, about 30 to about 60 Unit equivalents of BTX A, such asabout 20 to about 40 Unit equivalents, about 30 to about 40 Unitequivalents of BTX A, or about 29 Unit equivalents, is administered tothe corrugator supercilli and/or the procerus muscle. After a period ofabout three months, and additional about 30 to about 60 Unitequivalents, such as about 20 to about 40 Unit equivalents, about 30 toabout 40 Unit equivalents, or about 29 Unit equivalents of BTX A isadministered to the corrugator supercilli and/or procerus muscle. Thistreatment can be administered as many times as needed to alleviate thesocial anxiety disorder, the obsessive compulsive disorder or the panicdisorder. Another neurotoxin can be used similarly, such as another BTX.

FIGS. 2A-2B show Botulinum toxin dose used to treat the frown in atypical woman (FIG. 2A) and man (FIG. 2B). The landmarks for theinjection are as follows (see also Carruthers et al., Derm. Surg.24:1189-1194, 1998). The injection of the procerus is below a linejoining the medial end of both eyebrows. The landmark for the nextinjections is a line vertically above the inner canthus and the superiormargin of the orbit. Botulinum toxin is injected just superior to thefirst injection point. Next an injection is made 1 centimeter (cm)medial and one-half cm superior to the second two injections. Thenumbers refer to the number of BTX Units injected in the area shown.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Case Study 1

S. W. is a 30 year old Caucasian female with a long history of anxietyinduced by group social settings. She had been diagnosed with socialanxiety disorder. On physical exam she was noted to have hyperexpressivefacial movements. When the use of botulinum toxin to treat her socialdifficulties was discussed, her brow and mouth underwent rapid cyclingbetween extreme displeasure and neutral expression. During the course ofa 5 minute conversation, her frown musculature was observed to quicklyand visibly contract no less than twenty times. However, her at restexpression was neutral.

She stated that she worked for a large biomedical firm in anadministrative capacity. She found the group meetings, with manystaffers, including some relative strangers, to be extremely stressful,both before and during, with anticipatory anxiety. S. W. complained thatother members of the group would shy away from her; she thought thatthat might be because her face was so expressive. She would get veryanxious during a meeting with her colleagues, and believed that heranxiety was easily observed by her colleagues around the room. She wassure that her face would tell others what she was feeling about them atthat moment. Consequently, she felt that her innermost thoughts could beobserved by all in the room, causing her tremendous anxiety. She sawothers recoil away from her and was absolutely convinced it was from afacial expression she had just made. Consequently, she would try andavoid close one on one interactions with her colleagues. This severelyimpeded her ability to work in any group setting, and completelyprevented her from advancing in the organization.

S. W. was treated with 29 units of botulinum toxin A to her frown(corrugator supercilli muscle and procerus muscle). She was seen back infollow up 6 and 12 weeks later. She was unable to voluntarily make afrown and did not contract her frown muscles during the office visit.She reported that her anxiety before and during meeting, was markedlyreduced. She no longer dreaded meeting with colleagues. She wasconvinced that she no longer displayed to others her displeasure ordisagreement with them. Consequently, she was now able to successfullynegotiate her daily meetings with fellow staffers without undueapprehension or anxiety. She stated that other staffers no longer shiedaway from her. Her fear of interacting with colleagues had so diminishedthat she would no longer suffer anxiety before or during her meetings,allowing her to feel that she could contribute as well as any of theothers.

Example 2 Case Study 2

R. D. is a 22 year old college student who experienced her first panicattack at 17. She had been raped by a high school acquaintance when shewas 14. She did not inform her parents about the incident at the time.Shortly thereafter she began to suffer from bouts of bulimia andintermittent depression. She was prescribed Escitalopram, 20 mg orallyper day, and her depression improved.

However, while on Escitalopram she began to suffer from panic attacks,which consisted of heart pounding, headaches, tachycardia, sweating,shortness of breath and an impending sense of doom. Sometimes theattacks would be triggered by academic deadlines; most often they weretriggered by anxiety centered around her relationships with others. Shewas in ongoing psychotherapy, which gradually helped with the bulimiabut the panic attacks continued.

She began studying at an elite university. A stressful roommateinteraction her freshman year triggered another bout of depression. Sheunderwent intensive psychotherapy, and her depression remitted. However,her panic attacks persisted. They occurred on average, once every fewweeks. Although they would generally spontaneously resolve within acouple of hours, on one occasion they almost led to an emergency roomvisit. Although she knew it unlikely, she felt like she was having aheart attack. The panic attacks would interfere with her ability to readand/or prepare for exams She could not focus for prolonged periods afterthe start of a panic attack. She felt paralyzed mentally for many hoursafter an attack. She also worried that they would occur at a reallyinopportune time. They would also cause her to think negatively aboutall her studies and her future ability to handle her academic studies.

At age 21 R. D. was treated with 29 units of botulinum toxin A to herfrown muscles (corrugator supercilli muscle and procerus muscle). Atfollow up at 6 weeks she stated that she had not had another panicattack. She had two more treatments with botulinum toxin A. She remainedpanic attack free, nine months since the initial treatment withbotulinum toxin A. She no longer experienced chest palpitations, heartpounding, sweating or tachycardia. Her view of the future also becamemore positive. She no longer worried whether or not she might have apanic attack in the middle of a really important academic time. Shebecame more sure of her ability to handle her difficult academic work.When asked about the rape, she stated that she no longer thinks about itmuch.

Example 3 Case Study 3

A. R. is a 28 year old Caucasian female with a history of severe socialanxiety disorder that had been diagnosed in college. She took nomedications. Her brother also suffered from social anxiety disorder, andhad become a drug addict. She was an excellent student and went on toreceive a masters in chemical engineering. She was currently employed ata large chemical company in Virginia.

She was extremely attractive but could not recall the last time that shehad dated. She stated that going out on dates caused too much anxiety.Any group interaction with strangers also caused her undue anxiety. Inparticular, she experienced extreme emotional difficulty with groupoffice meetings. Unfortunately this was a common occurrence in hercurrent work. Just prior to, and during any office meeting withcoworkers, emotions of fear and anxiety would flood her mind, to theextent that she could not focus during the meeting. She complained ofhow her fear of group meetings completely prevented her from advancingin the company, and made her time there very stressful.

Although she had many ideas to contribute, any group meeting wouldprevent her from speaking up. She was incapable of any open disagreementwith colleagues, or giving a presentation to the group, in spite of herdesire to so.

She received 29 units of botulinum toxin A to her frown muscles(corrugator supercilli muscle and procerus muscle). At her 6 week followup she stated that her anxiety in her workplace had greatly diminished;she was now able to speak up at office meetings without anxiety. Shestopped viewing her work as very stressful. At her three month follow upshe spontaneously related that she had had three dates in the past twoweeks—more than she had had in the past two years. She no longertrembled at the thought of dating a stranger. Her social anxieties hadgreatly diminished and she felt in much better control of her life.

It will be apparent that the precise details of the methods orcompositions described may be varied or modified without departing fromthe spirit of the described invention. We claim all such modificationsand variations that fall within the scope and spirit of the claimsbelow.

1. A method for treating a social anxiety disorder, an obsessivecompulsive disorder or a panic disorder in a subject, comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective amount of a Botulinum toxin toa corrugator supercilli and/or a procerus muscle of the subject to causeparalysis of the corrugator supercilli and/or a procerus muscle, therebytreating the social anxiety disorder, the obsessive compulsive disorderor the panic disorder in the subject.
 2. The method of claim 1, whereinthe Botulinum toxin is Botulinum toxin A.
 3. The method of claim 1,comprising administering the therapeutically effective amount of theneurotoxin to the corrugator supercilli and the procerus muscle.
 4. Themethod of claim 3, wherein the subject does not have any otherpsychiatric disorder.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the subject doesnot have a muscular disorder or paralysis.
 6. The method of claim 3,wherein about 20 to about 50 Unit equivalents of Botulinum toxin type Aare administered to the corrugator supercilli and the procerus muscle inthe subject.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising administeringan additional dose of about 20 to about 50 Unit equivalents of Botulinumtoxin type A to the corrugator supercilli and the procerus muscle afterabout two to six months.
 8. The method of claim 3, wherein the Botulinumtoxin A does not cross a blood-brain barrier in the subject.
 9. A methodfor treating a social anxiety disorder, an obsessive compulsive disorderor a panic disorder in a subject, comprising selecting a subject withthe social anxiety disorder, the obsessive compulsive disorder or thepanic disorder, and administering a therapeutically effective amount ofBotulinum toxin A to a corrugator supercilli muscle and a procerusmuscle of the subject to cause paralysis of the corrugator supercillimuscle and procerus muscle, wherein the Botulinum A toxin does not crossthe blood brain barrier, thereby treating the social anxiety disorder,the obsessive compulsive disorder or the panic disorder in the subject,wherein the subject does not have an underlying muscular physicalcondition that is treatable with Botulinum toxin A.
 10. The method ofclaim 9, wherein about 20 to about 40 Unit equivalents of Botulinumtoxin type A are administered to the corrugator supercilli muscle andthe procerus muscle of the subject.
 11. The method of claim 9, whereinabout 29 to about 40 Unit equivalents of Botulinum toxin type A areadministered to the corrugator supercilli muscle and the procerus muscleof the subject.
 12. The method of claim 10, further comprisingadministering an additional dose of about 30 to about 60 Unitequivalents of Botulinum toxin type A to the corrugator supercillimuscle and the procerus muscle after about two to six months.
 13. Themethod of claim 9, wherein the underlying muscular physical condition istorticollis.
 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising administeringto the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an additionalmodality of treatment for the social anxiety disorder, obsessivecompulsive disorder or panic disorder.
 15. The method of claim 15,wherein the additional modality of treatment comprises administration ofan antidepressant, psychotherapy, a beta blocker, or behavioral therapy.16. The method of claim 14, wherein the subject has the obsessivecompulsive disorder.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the additionalmodality of treatment comprises a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor(SSRI), a tricyclic antidepressant, a benzodiazepine or an atypicalantipsychotic.
 18. The method of claim 9, further comprising performinga psychological assessment on the subject.
 19. The method of claim 1,wherein the subject has the obsessive compulsive disorder.
 20. Themethod of claim 19, further comprising administering to the subject atherapeutically effective amount of an additional modality of treatment,wherein the additional modality of treatment comprises anantidepressant, psychotherapy, a beta blocker, or behavioral therapy.